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| 1878 |
| | Three British armies invade Afghanistan, beginning the second Anglo-Afghan War | |
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| 1880 |
| | Russian composer Alexander Borodin writes In the Steppes of Central Asia as part of the silver jubilee celebrations for Alexander II | |
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| 1881 |
| | The British withdraw from Afghanistan, having achieved nothing in the Second Anglo-Afghan War | |
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| c. 1901 |
| | A stele is found at Susa, in Iran, giving the text of the Code of Hammurabi | |
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| 1908 |
| | The Burman Oil Company, developing a concession granted in 1901 to William Knox D'Arcy, discovers oil in Iran | |
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| 1919 |
| | Afghanistan finally achieves international recognition as an independent nation | |
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| 1921 |
| | An army officer, Reza Khan, becomes war minister after seizing control of Tehran with his Cossack brigade | |
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| 1925 |
| | Reza Khan, by now prime minister of Iran, mounts a second coup to depose the last Qajar shah and begin his own Pahlavi dynasty | |
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| 1941 August |
| | British and USSR troops invade Iran to depose the oil-rich Reza Shah, fearing that he may take the side of the Germans | |
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| 1941 September 16 |
| | With British and Russian support, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi succeeds his deposed father as shah of Iran | |
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